Of living beings mirroring and interacting through harmonious relations, of the Unitary truth underlying all great religions, a concept resonant with much of Religious expression of philosophia perennis, the ancient and perennial, Missionaries further muddied the waters by describing Daoists (as opposed toĬonfucianists whom they supported) as “magicians and enchanters” whose alchemicalġ690s) was among the first of the European intelligensia to see in the ChineseĬlassics, and in the synthesis of Neo-Confucian and Daoist thought, a true Originating in a form of idolatry transferred from ancient Egypt. Have debated, sometimes fiercely, with each other over the appropriation ofĮuropean writings on Daoism such as Athanasius Kircher’s ChinaĬharacterized it as “full of abominable falsehoods” and as
Daoists have reacted diversely to these additional influences and Influences from Islam and Christianity (beginning with the 17th century Further, Daoism is also influenced by shamanic practices,Ĭhinese folk religions, Confucianism, Buddhism, and various missionary Unilateral institution, a rich synthesis of diverse texts and practices, not aĭogmatized creed. ĭaoism, like Western esotericism, is a plurality of traditions, not a Many Daoists as both a divine ancestor and as the personification of the greatĭao, incarnating as or appearing to different Daoist masters. By the Tangĭynasty, the mythical founder of Daoism, Laozi, was worshipped by Moving and sitting meditations, a shared pantheon of deities, and a search for Yin-yang, wuxing five-element cosmology, reiterative correspondence, basic
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Only a looselyĬonfederated series of specific texts, practices, and concepts, such as Is unique for each school or, possibly, for each Daoist. (daojiao) of the institutional priests combine in a dynamic syncreticism that
Philosophical reflections (daojia) of the sages and the religious activities Techniques, and relationship to the local community. Training processes resulting in highly diverse sects, each with its own ethics, Specific schools have also institutionalized their ritual enactments and Interpretation and application of those texts. The thousands of texts in this collectionĪre highly esoteric and yet, there is no specific doctrinal framework for theĬollection which leads, in turn, to many sectarian differences in both In 1444 and still largely untranslated into English. Interpretations of the immense collection of Daoist esoteric texts, asĮpitomized in the Daozang or collected sacred texts of Daoism, canonized Until very late in Chinese history and even in that late context, individualĭoaists continued to develop esoteric practices through personal Thisĭialogical interaction was unmediated by any single institutional hierarchy Much like Western esotericism, Daoism is a complex reflection of movements and dialogical interactions, often based on the writings or oral traditions of individual masters whose teachings were at times subversive or highly controversial within the Chinese context. Daoism is by no mean a single hegemonic tradition, but a mosaic of textual, ritual, and interpretive practices and schools that eludes any simple quantification. Over the last fifty years, Daoism has become increasingly accessible to the west, primarily through the translations of esoteric texts and through the increasing propagation of multiple Daoist traditions by both Chinese and Western teachers. Participatory spirituality influenced by Daoism. Thought in Western esotericism as well as with current, emergent models of
Such a paradigm is highly congruent with certain streams of practice and Rather than seeking to attain transcendence “beyond nature,” DaoismĮmphasizes the value of nature as the ground of all transpersonal development. Inner potentials that can lead to the radical transformation of the natural. Thus while DaoismĮmphasizes bodily disciplines like T’ai Chi and Chi Gong, a healthy diet,Īnd a natural life in harmony with nature and natural processes, it alsoĮmphasizes a paradigm of embodied spirituality that seeks to actualized various Master of a parallel integration of spirit, mind, and body. Symbolic correlations and correspondences centered on the Daoist sage as a The mythically structured world of Daoism is rooted in the tripartiteĭivision of Heaven, Humanity, and Earth which interact through a rich web of Nature and a metaphysics of human relationships based on an ideal of spiritual “internal alchemy” with a profound transpersonal philosophy of Daoist Alchemy in the West: The Esoteric ParadigmsĪs the primary indigenous religion of China, is a highly esoteric tradition.Ĭonstructed of many different strands, over several thousand years, Daoism hasĪ complex history of integrating various techniques of meditation, spiritĬommunication, consciousness projection, bodily movements, medicine, and
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